The US has been criticised by humanitarian organisations for deciding to supply Ukraine with landmines, as the war in eastern Europe rages on.
In an interview with the BBC, Human Rights Watch director Mary Wareham said the decision marked a “shocking and devastating development” for those working to eradicate anti-personnel landmines.
The approval from Washington is an attempt to slow down Russian troops, who have been steadily advancing into Ukraine’s east in recent months.
US Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin said they made their decision because of how Russia had changed its tactics on the battlefield – sending in troops first rather than “mechanised forces”.
Ms Wareham’s stance was echoed by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), which condemned the US decision “in the strongest possible terms”.
“These horrific, indiscriminate weapons were banned by the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty given the devastating impact they have on civilians’ lives and livelihoods,” the statement from the ICBL’s director, Tamar Gabelnick, added.
Under the treaty, “there are no circumstances under which Ukraine as a state party may acquire, stockpile or use them”, she added.
The use of landmines is not illegal under international law. But more than 160 nations have signed the Mine Ban Treaty which commits to banning the production, use and stockpiling of anti-personnel mines. Ukraine is a signatory to this treaty.
However, after Russia’s illegal occupation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine informed fellow signatories that its application of the treaty in the occupied areas would be is “limited and is not guaranteed”.
Ms Wareham from Human Rights Watch added: “So much progress has been made over the past 25 years under the framework provided by the international treaty banning landmines. So it’s just inconceivable that the US would take this step.”
Anti-personnel landmines are explosives which are often concealed on the ground and designed to detonate when people step over or near them.
Washington has already been providing anti-tank mines to Ukraine, but the anti-personnel land mines – which can be rapidly deployed – are designed to blunt the advances of ground forces.
Human Rights Watch previously said Ukraine had repeatedly used Soviet-made rocket-launched anti-personnel mines on and around the city of Izyum in the summer of 2022, when it was occupied by Russia.
Russian forces have been using landmines widely in Ukraine – since it launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022, Russia has deployed landmines to both defend their positions and slow down the Ukrainians.
One of campaigners’ main concerns in regards to landmines is the danger these weapons present to civilians, killing indiscriminately as they are buried underground or scattered on the surface.
Another issue is the process of demining once a conflict is over, and clearing land that has been mined can take a long period of time. The process is also costly, with the World Bank reporting last year that demining Ukraine would cost $37.4bn (£29.6bn).
Austin said the US had sought reassurances of how the mines would be used.
Washington expects that the mines – that officials say will be delivered soon – would be used on Ukraine’s territory, but away from densely-populated areas.
Mr Austin said the US devices would be safer to use than the ones Ukraine were developing themselves, as the US mines are what it calls “non-persistent”, meaning that after some days they lose charge and can no longer detonate.
In reaction to Wednesday’s news from Washington, the Halo Trust, the world’s largest landmine clearing charity, said: “The potential for further contagion of the use of anti-personnel (AP) landmines in eastern Europe is a clear and present danger”.
According to its statement, the Halo Trust said Ukraine has been reclassified this month as “massively contaminated” with landmines, and some of the charity’s estimates suggest they are present in up to 40% of the country.
The Halo Trust goes on to report, according to its estimates, that more than two million landmines have been laid in Ukraine since the start of the full-scale war in 2022.
The provision of anti-personnel land mines is the latest move by the outgoing US administration to bolster Ukraine’s war effort before President-elect Donald Trump is inaugurated on 20 January.
It is a big shift in policy for Joe Biden himself, who previously called Trump “reckless” for lifting long-standing US restrictions on the use of mines when he was last in the White House.
Earlier, Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba defended the US’s position, saying it is within international law, but adds there are “moral ramifications for human rights defenders, and I totally get them”.
“But we’re fighting a war against a vicious enemy and we must have the right to use everything we need within the realm of international law to defend ourselves,” he said.
